Prepositional Object Pronouns in Spanish

Prepositional Object Pronouns in Spanish As in English, prepositions in Spanish need an object to be complete (for example, a sentence such as I am going to or Voy a doesnt make much sense). That object can be a noun or a pronoun (or sometimes a verb functioning as a noun). Most of the pronouns used with prepositions in Spanish are the same as the subject pronouns, but they are different in the first- and second-person singular. Otherwise their use is fairly straightforward, as indicated in the following list: mà ­ - me Es un regalo para mà ­. It is a gift for me.Salieron sin mà ­. They left without me. ti - you (singular familiar) Hablan de ti. They are talking about you.No valà ­a nada mi vida antes de ti. My life before you was worthless. usted - you (singular formal) Las flores son para usted. The flowers are for you.Ella no tolera fumar alrededor de usted. She doesnt put up with smoking around you. à ©l, ella - him, her Corrieron hacia à ©l. They ran toward him.Fue escrito por ella. It was written by her. nosotros, nosotras - us Vienen tras nosotros. They are coming after us.Andan al lado de nosotros. They are walking beside us. vosotros, vosotras - you (plural familiar) No estoy contra vosotros. I am not against you.Salgo sin vosotros. I am leaving without you. ellos, ellas - them El coche no es para ellos. The car isnt for them.Salgo con ellas. I am leaving with them. There are two main exceptions to the above usages: Conmigo and contigo: When used with con (usually translated as with) the forms conmigo and contigo are used instead of con mà ­ and con ti, respectively. Voy contigo. Im going with you. ¿Vas conmigo? Are you going with me? Use of yo and tà º with certain prepositions: The following six prepositions are used with the subject pronouns yo and tà º instead of mà ­ and ti, respectively: entre (usually translated as among or between), excepto (except), incluso (including or even), menos (except), salvo (except) and segà ºn (according to). Also, hasta is used with the subject pronouns when it is used with roughly the same meaning as incluso. Es la diferencia entre tà º y yo. Its the difference between you and me.Muchas personas incluso/hasta yo creen en las hadas. Many people including me believe in fairies, or many people, even I, believe in fairies.Todos excepto/menos/salvo tà º creen en las hadas. Everybody except you believes in fairies.Es la verdad segà ºn yo. Its the truth according to me.

Provenience, Provenance, Lets Call the Whole Thing Off

Provenience, Provenance, Lets Call the Whole Thing Off Provenience and provenance are two words that have similar meanings and similar etymologies according to Merriam Websters dictionary  but have very different meanings as they are used by scholars working in the fields of archaeology  and art history. Provenance, according to the online version of Merriam Websters dictionary, means the history of ownership of a valued object and it is the oldest (or parent) of the two words. Provenance is derived from the French word provenir, meaning to come forth, and it has been in use in English since the 1780s.Provenience, according to the same source, is the younger (or child) of the two forms. It is a synonym for provenance, and it also derives from the French word provenir and it has been in use in English since the 1880s. However, amongst art historians and archaeologists, these two words are not synonyms, in fact, there is a nuanced meaning to each in our scholarly writings and discussions.   Artifact Context This discussion arises out of the interest of scholars and academics in verifying the authenticity (and thus value, whether monetary or scholarly) of an artifact or a piece of art. What art historians use to determine an objects authenticity is the chain of ownership: they typically know or can work out the likely maker, but who owned it first, and how did that painting or sculpture make its way to the present owner? If theres a gap in that chain during which time they dont know who owned a particular object for a decade or century, there is a possibility that the object was forged. Archaeologists, on the other hand, dont care who owned an object- they are more interested in the context of an object within the community of its (mostly original) users. For an archaeologist to maintain that an object has meaning and intrinsic value, she needs to know how it was used, what archaeological site it came from, and where it was deposited within that site. The context of the artifact is important information about an object, context which is often lost when an artifact is bought by a collector and passed down from hand to hand. Fighting Words These can be fighting words between these two groups of scholars. An art historian sees merit in a Minoan sculpture fragment in a museum no matter where it came from, they just want to know if its real; an archaeologist feels its just another Minoan sculpture unless they know it was found in a trash deposit in the back of a shrine at Knossos. So, we need two words. One to clarify the chain of ownership for art historians, and one to clarify the context of an object for archaeologists. Provenance: The detailed history of where an artifact has been since its creation.Provenience: The precise location where an artifact or archaeological sample was recovered archaeologically. An Example by Way of an Explanation Let us consider the meaning of a silver denarius, one of an estimated 22.5 million Roman coins minted for Julius Caesar between 49-45 BC. The provenance of that coin could include its creation in the mint in Italy, its loss in a shipwreck in the Adriatic sea, its recovery by shell divers, its purchase first by an antiquities dealer, then by a tourist who left it to her son who eventually sold it to the museum. The denariuss authenticity is established (in part) by its chain of ownership from the shipwreck. To an archaeologist, however, that denarius is one of millions of coins minted for Caesar and not very interesting, unless we know that the coin was found in the wreck of the Iulia Felix, a small cargo ship wrecked in the Adriatic while it  participated in the international glass trade of the third century AD. The Loss of Provenience When archaeologists lament the loss of provenience from a looted art object, what we really mean is that part of the provenance has been lost- we are interested in why  a Roman coin turned up in a shipwreck 400 years after it was made; while art historians dont really care, since they can generally figure out what mint a coin came from by the information stamped on its surface. Its a Roman coin, what else do we need to know? says an art historian; The shipping trade in the Mediterranean region during late Roman times says an archaeologist. It all comes down to a question of context. Because provenance for an art historian is important to establish ownership, but provenience is interesting to an archaeologist to establish meaning. In 2006, reader Eric P elegantly nailed the difference with a pair of apt metaphors: Provenience is an artifacts birthplace, while Provenance is an artifacts resume.